What Is in Surgical Steel?

Surgical steel is primarily made of iron, with carefully controlled amounts of alloying elements. The most common grades used are 316L stainless steel and sometimes 304 stainless steel, with 316L being the preferred medical grade.

Main Elements in Surgical Steel

Iron (Fe)

• The base metal that provides strength and structure

Chromium (Cr) – ~16–18%

• Creates a protective passive oxide layer
• Prevents rust and corrosion
• Essential for stainless steel properties

Nickel (Ni) – ~10–14%

• Improves toughness and ductility
• Enhances corrosion resistance
• Helps maintain a stable, non-magnetic structure

Molybdenum (Mo) – ~2–3% (316L only)

• Increases resistance to chlorides and body fluids
• Improves pitting and crevice corrosion resistance

Carbon (C) – Very low (especially in 316L)

• The “L” stands for low carbon
• Reduces risk of corrosion at welds
• Improves biocompatibility

Why 316L Is Called Surgical Steel

316L stainless steel is the most common material referred to as surgical steel because:

• It resists corrosion from blood, sweat, and bodily fluids
• It has low carbon content, reducing irritation and corrosion
• It is strong, durable, and easy to sterilize
• It has good biocompatibility for temporary or external medical use

This grade is widely used for surgical instruments, body jewelry, and medical hardware.

Is Surgical Steel Safe for the Body?

Surgical steel is considered biocompatible, meaning it is generally safe for contact with the human body. However:

• It does contain nickel, which can cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals
• For permanent implants, materials like titanium or implant-grade stainless steel (ASTM F138) are often preferred

For tools, jewelry, and temporary implants, surgical steel performs very well.

Common Uses of Surgical Steel

Surgical steel is used in:

• Surgical instruments (scalpels, forceps, clamps)
• Body jewelry and piercings
• Medical trays and equipment
• Temporary orthopedic devices
• Dental tools

Its corrosion resistance and ability to withstand repeated sterilization make it ideal for medical environments.

Surgical Steel vs Regular Stainless Steel

Summary: What Is in Surgical Steel?

Surgical steel is primarily iron alloyed with chromium, nickel, and molybdenum, with very low carbon content. Most commonly, it refers to 316L stainless steel, which offers excellent corrosion resistance, strength, and biocompatibility. These properties make surgical steel suitable for medical tools, body jewelry, and healthcare equipment.